Visualization
Timeline
Each chart names its metric and device scope, then plots one comparability group against each machine's release date. The cards group related metrics together.
Series
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cpu · Nominal clock
Clock frequency (CPU)
73 figures from 65 machines, spanning 1966 to 2025. The lowest clock frequency here is 0.98525 MHz (Commodore 64, 1982) and the highest is 4.41 GHz (Apple Mac mini (M4, 2024), 2024). That is a range of about 4476× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in Hz. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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cpu · Peak clock
Clock frequency (CPU)
4 figures from 4 machines, spanning 2011 to 2023. The lowest clock frequency here is 3.5 GHz (Sony PlayStation 5, 2020) and the highest is 6.0 GHz (Intel Core i9-14900K PC, 2023). That is a range of about 1.7× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in Hz. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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gpu · Nominal clock
Clock frequency (GPU)
39 figures from 38 machines, spanning 1982 to 2025. The lowest clock frequency here is 3.579545 MHz (Sega Master System, 1986) and the highest is 2300 MHz (AMD Radeon RX 7900 XTX, 2022). That is a range of about 643× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in Hz. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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gpu · Peak clock
Clock frequency (GPU)
8 figures from 8 machines, spanning 2013 to 2025. The lowest clock frequency here is 928 MHz (NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 Ti, 2013) and the highest is 2520 MHz (NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4090, 2022). That is a range of about 2.7× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in Hz. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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cpu · Benchmark run
Dhrystone MIPS per MHz (CPU)
10 figures from 10 machines, spanning 1978 to 2023. The lowest dhrystone mips per mhz here is 0.055 DMIPS/MHz (Intel 8086 PC, 1978) and the highest is 6.1 DMIPS/MHz (Intel Core i9-14900K PC, 2023). That is a range of about 111× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in DMIPS/MHz. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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gpu · Benchmark chart average
Geekbench Compute score, metal (GPU)
5 figures from 5 machines, spanning 2020 to 2025. The lowest geekbench compute score here is 16 049 (Apple iPhone 12, 2020) and the highest is 54 482 (Apple Mac mini (M4, 2024), 2024). That is a range of about 3.4× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in the base unit. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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gpu · Benchmark chart average
Geekbench Compute score, opencl (GPU)
7 figures from 7 machines, spanning 2016 to 2025. The lowest geekbench compute score here is 17 592 (Apple Mac mini (M1, 2020), 2020) and the highest is 341 973 (NVIDIA H100 Tensor Core GPU (SXM), 2022). That is a range of about 19× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in the base unit. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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whole-system · Benchmark chart average
Geekbench score, multi-core (Whole system)
5 figures from 5 machines, spanning 2020 to 2025. The lowest geekbench score here is 4293 (Apple iPhone 12, 2020) and the highest is 15 226 (Apple Mac mini (M4, 2024), 2024). That is a range of about 3.5× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in the base unit. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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whole-system · Benchmark chart average
Geekbench score, single-core (Whole system)
5 figures from 5 machines, spanning 2020 to 2025. The lowest geekbench score here is 1826 (Apple iPhone 12, 2020) and the highest is 3273 (Apple Mac mini (M4, 2024), 2024). That is a range of about 1.8× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in the base unit. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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memory · Theoretical peak
Memory bandwidth (Memory)
31 figures from 28 machines, spanning 1981 to 2025. The lowest memory bandwidth here is 1.19 MB/s (IBM Personal Computer 5150, 1981) and the highest is 3.35 TB/s (NVIDIA H100 Tensor Core GPU (SXM), 2022). That is a range of about 2 815 126× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in B/s. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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whole-system · Theoretical peak
Memory bandwidth (Whole system)
26 figures from 25 machines, spanning 1996 to 2025. The lowest memory bandwidth here is 500 MB/s (Nintendo 64, 1996) and the highest is 3.35 TB/s (NVIDIA H100 Tensor Core GPU (SXM), 2022). That is a range of about 6700× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in B/s. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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memory · Design capacity
Memory bus width (Memory)
4 figures from 4 machines, spanning 2000 to 2025. The lowest memory bus width here is 128 bit (Valve Steam Deck, 2022) and the highest is 2560 bit (Sony PlayStation 2, 2000). That is a range of about 20× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in bit. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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memory · Design capacity
Memory capacity (Memory)
62 figures from 37 machines, spanning 1977 to 2022. The lowest memory capacity here is 128 B (Atari 2600, 1977) and the highest is 16 GiB (Valve Steam Deck, 2022). That is a range of about 134 217 728× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in B. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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whole-system · Design capacity
Memory capacity (Whole system)
71 figures from 68 machines, spanning 1977 to 2025. The lowest memory capacity here is 128 B (Atari 2600, 1977) and the highest is 80 GiB (NVIDIA H100 Tensor Core GPU (SXM), 2022). That is a range of about 671 088 640× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in B. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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cpu · Theoretical peak
Peak FP32 rate (CPU)
4 figures from 4 machines, spanning 1992 to 2006. The lowest peak fp32 rate here is 8 MFLOP/s (Commodore Amiga 4000, 1992) and the highest is 218 GFLOP/s (Sony PlayStation 3, 2006). That is a range of about 27 250× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in FLOP/s. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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gpu · Theoretical peak
Peak FP32 rate (GPU)
19 figures from 19 machines, spanning 1999 to 2025. The lowest peak fp32 rate here is 960 MFLOP/s (NVIDIA GeForce 256, 1999) and the highest is 104.8 TFLOP/s (NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090, 2025). That is a range of about 109 167× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in FLOP/s. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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gpu · Rated power
Rated power consumption (GPU)
4 figures from 4 machines, spanning 2013 to 2025. The lowest rated power consumption here is 250 W (NVIDIA GeForce GTX 780 Ti, 2013) and the highest is 575 W (NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090, 2025). The two are not divided into a multiple: rated power consumption is not a metric where a ratio means anything. The figures are plotted in W. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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whole-system · Rated power
Rated power consumption (Whole system)
19 figures from 19 machines, spanning 1966 to 2024. The lowest rated power consumption here is 13 W (Sega Mega Drive, 1988) and the highest is 380 W (Sony PlayStation 3, 2006). The two are not divided into a multiple: rated power consumption is not a metric where a ratio means anything. The figures are plotted in W. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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storage · Design capacity
Storage capacity (Storage)
15 figures from 7 machines, spanning 2007 to 2020. The lowest storage capacity here is 4 GB (Apple iPhone (1st generation), 2007) and the highest is 825 GB (Sony PlayStation 5, 2020). That is a range of about 206× within one comparability group; the figures are plotted in B. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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cpu · Rated power
Thermal design power (CPU)
6 figures from 6 machines, spanning 1993 to 2023. The lowest thermal design power here is 10.1 W (Intel Pentium PC, 1993) and the highest is 125 W (Intel Core i9-14900K PC, 2023). The two are not divided into a multiple: thermal design power is not a metric where a ratio means anything. The figures are plotted in W. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
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gpu · Rated power
Thermal design power (GPU)
4 figures from 4 machines, spanning 2010 to 2022. The lowest thermal design power here is 180 W (NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080, 2016) and the highest is 700 W (NVIDIA H100 Tensor Core GPU (SXM), 2022). The two are not divided into a multiple: thermal design power is not a metric where a ratio means anything. The figures are plotted in W. Points use the release date of the machine the figure belongs to. The table below lists absent figures with their recorded reasons.
How to read these charts
Each chart holds one comparability group: one metric, one device scope, one method and, where it applies, one benchmark version. Mixing groups on an axis would assert the comparison this project refuses to assert, so the charts are narrow on purpose and there are several of them rather than one.
A logarithmic axis is offered only for a strictly positive ratio scale. Metrics such as a process node do not have one because equal ratios mean nothing. Every chart ships its data table and a generated summary, so the drawing is the optional part.