From 8086 to Core i9

Four representative Intel PCs across forty-five years: clocks and fitted RAM in full view, while provisional Dhrystone results do not support a speed score.

Intel 8086 PC Personal computer · 1978 · 5 MHz reference configuration
Intel Pentium PC Personal computer · 1993 · 100 MHz reference configuration
Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC Personal computer · 2006 · Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM
Intel Core i9-14900K PC Personal computer · 2023 · P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration

What this comparison shows

From 8086 to Core i9

These representative PCs span forty-five years, from a 5 MHz 8086 system in 1978 to a Core i9-14900K system in 2023. The nominal-clock and whole-system memory-capacity rows put the recorded figures next to one another, including the unresolved E6600 clock and fitted RAM. The gaps are part of the comparison: an Intel family row that combines two models cannot establish a value for one of them.

The provisional Dhrystone MIPS-per-megahertz figures cannot support a speed headline. They all name Dhrystone 2.1 and share a comparability group. A benchmark result normalized by clock remains one benchmark result, not a general claim about computer speed. The comparison shows the figures without automatic multipliers.

The 14900K also makes “the clock” less singular than it was in 1978: its P-core base frequency, E-core base frequency, and turbo maximum describe different operating conditions. The preset keeps base and peak clocks in their separate method rows. The provisional evidence and unresolved middle configuration keep this page descriptive rather than a ranking.

At a glance

This card lists what each record states. These are the six questions every machine in the catalog is asked. A row with answers from different methods has no bar or multiplier; the line beneath it explains the difference.

Question	Intel 8086 PCPC industryPersonal computer · 19785 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PCPC industryPersonal computer · 1993100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCPC industryPersonal computer · 2006Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCPC industryPersonal computer · 2023P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
CPU clock	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)5 MHzIntel 8086provisionalConfirmed	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)100 MHzIntel PentiumprovisionalConfirmed	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)2.4 GHzIntel Core 2 Duo E6600provisionalRumored	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)3.2 GHzIntel Core i9-14900KPerformance coresprovisionalConfirmed6.0 GHzIntel Core i9-14900KPerformance coresprovisionalConfirmed
These records state this by different methods (Nominal clock and Peak clock). The figures are shown separately, and no bar is drawn. See how they are accounted for.
GPU clock	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)unknownIBM PC display adapterprovisionalMDA and CGA boards use distinct timing crystals; this display-adapter class has no one GPU clock.	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)unknownVGA-compatible display adapterprovisionalVGA compatibility is a display standard, not a single graphics processor or clock rate.	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownIntel integrated processor graphicsprovisionalIntel states a frequency for each generation and the generations disagree: Intel HD Graphics 3000 on the Core i7-2600K is specified at 850 MHz base and 1.35 GHz maximum dynamic, UHD Graphics 770 on the Core i9-14900K at 300 MHz base and 1.65 GHz maximum dynamic. Both figures are vendor statements and neither can stand for the other.	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)unknownIntel integrated processor graphicsprovisionalIntel states a frequency for each generation and the generations disagree: Intel HD Graphics 3000 on the Core i7-2600K is specified at 850 MHz base and 1.35 GHz maximum dynamic, UHD Graphics 770 on the Core i9-14900K at 300 MHz base and 1.65 GHz maximum dynamic. Both figures are vendor statements and neither can stand for the other.
Memory capacitylog scale	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)256 KiBprovisionalConfirmed	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)16 MiBprovisionalConfirmed	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownprovisionalIntel's 64 GB addressability field does not establish a fitted capacity for this reference PC.	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)32 GiBprovisionalConfirmed
Methods, caveats and sources for memory capacity Where these sit among 68 machines recorded this way 196 608 BSuper Nintendo Entertainment System 256 KiBIntel 8086 PC 512 KiBIntel 80286 PC 8 MiBIntel 80486DX PC 16 MiBIntel Pentium PC 16 MiBSega Dreamcast 32 GiBIntel Core i9-14900K PC 32 GiBNVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090 Intel 8086 PC — 13th-lowest of the 68 figures recorded this way, and the highest of the 5 from 1975–1981. Intel Pentium PC — 26th-lowest of the 68 figures recorded this way, and the highest of the 9 from 1990–1996. Intel Core i9-14900K PC — 66th-lowest of the 68 figures recorded this way, and 14th-lowest of the 16 from 2020–2026. Positions on a logarithmic scale. See all 68 over time.
Memory bandwidth	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)unknownEarly PC dynamic RAMprovisionalThe cited processor documentation does not specify a sustained or peak byte-transfer rate for the chosen early-PC memory configurations.	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)unknownPC synchronous dynamic RAMprovisionalThe representative PC configurations state capacity but do not assert an unverified memory-bus peak.	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownPC DDR SDRAMprovisionalOne of the three machines fitted with this component can be documented and the component cannot: Intel rates the Core i7-2600K's dual-channel DDR3-1333 interface at 21 GB/s. The same component also stands for the Pentium 4's DDR and the Core 2 Duo E6600's DDR2, which are different standards at different transfer rates, so the one figure available describes a third of the component.	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)89.6 GB/sPC DDR5 SDRAMConfirmed
Peak FP32	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)not applicableIntel 8086provisionalThe 8086 has no integrated floating-point unit; an optional 8087 is a separate processor and is not fitted to this configuration.	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)unknownIntel PentiumprovisionalThe processor includes a floating-point unit, but the cited specification does not publish an FP32 peak in FLOP/s.	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownIntel Core 2 Duo E6600provisionalThe processor supports scalar and SIMD floating point, but the cited specification does not state an FP32 peak in FLOP/s.	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)unknownIntel Core i9-14900KprovisionalIntel does publish a floating-point rate for this processor — 1228.8 GFLOPS, in the export-compliance matrix it maintains for the US Export Administration Regulations — and states no precision for it anywhere in that document. Without a precision the figure cannot answer a single-precision question, and it cannot be assumed to be one: the same 1228.8 is listed for the faster-clocked 14900KS.
Power	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)unknownIntel 8086provisionalThe historical processor documentation records electrical limits and speed grades, not the later TDP convention.	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)10.1 WIntel PentiumConfirmed	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)65 WIntel Core 2 Duo E6600provisionalRumored	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)125 WIntel Core i9-14900KprovisionalConfirmed
Methods, caveats and sources for power

Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration), the first record, is the multiplier baseline. Each section covers its own metrics. This comparison has no overall score. Bars are drawn to scale within a row and carry no number of their own.

provisional A figure marked provisional is recorded but not accepted: its evidence is unsettled. It may rely on one source, an unconfirmed announcement, or a digit read from a damaged scan. The reason appears under the figure. The catalog shows the figure but never uses it in a multiplier. How records are judged.

Processing

Instruction rates, floating-point peaks, benchmark results and clocks. None of these converts into another.

Clock frequencycpu

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Nominal clock	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)5 MHzprovisionalConfirmed baselinecaveat Recorded as Intel 8086: Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)100 MHzprovisionalConfirmed provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Intel Pentium: Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)2.4 GHzprovisionalRumored provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Intel Core 2 Duo E6600: Vendor-rated. From community documentation. Caveat Intel's own datasheet for this part is not in the catalog. Wikipedia gives 2.4 GHz for this model, and the catalog carries it as rumored. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation wikipedia-intel-conroe	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)3.2 GHzPerformance coresprovisionalConfirmed provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Intel Core i9-14900K: Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources intel-desktop-processor-reference
Peak clock	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)not applicableprovisionalThe 8086 predates dynamic turbo modes; its selected speed grade is the nominal clock. baselinecaveat Recorded as Intel 8086: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)not applicableprovisionalThe original Pentium predates dynamic turbo modes. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Pentium: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)not applicableprovisionalThe E6600 predates Intel Turbo Boost. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Core 2 Duo E6600: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)6.0 GHzPerformance coresprovisionalConfirmed baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Core i9-14900K: Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-desktop-processor-reference

Dhrystone MIPS per MHzcpu

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Benchmark rundhrystone 2.1	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)0.055 DMIPS/MHzprovisionalReported baselinecaveat Recorded as Intel 8086: Measured. Published independently. Caveat A named Dhrystone 2.1 result normalized by the clock stated for that run. It is provisional because the historic result table is a single independent source, not a vendor certification. Sources x86-dhrystone-results	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)1.10 DMIPS/MHzprovisionalReported provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Intel Pentium: Measured. Published independently. Caveat A named historic Dhrystone 2.1 result, normalized by the run clock; the one-source result remains provisional. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources x86-dhrystone-results	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)3.5 DMIPS/MHzprovisionalReported provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Intel Core 2 Duo E6600: Measured. Published independently. Caveat A named Dhrystone 2.1 result normalized by the clock stated for that run. It remains provisional pending a second independent source. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources x86-dhrystone-results	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)6.1 DMIPS/MHzprovisionalReported provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Intel Core i9-14900K: Measured. Published independently. Caveat A named Dhrystone 2.1 result normalized by the clock stated for that run. It remains provisional pending a second independent source. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources x86-dhrystone-results

Peak FP32 ratecpu

Both records address this quantity, but neither states a value. The figures are recorded as an explicit absence, so there is nothing to compare.

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Theoretical peak	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)not applicableprovisionalThe 8086 has no integrated floating-point unit; an optional 8087 is a separate processor and is not fitted to this configuration. baselinecaveat Recorded as Intel 8086: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)unknownprovisionalThe processor includes a floating-point unit, but the cited specification does not publish an FP32 peak in FLOP/s. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Pentium: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownprovisionalThe processor supports scalar and SIMD floating point, but the cited specification does not state an FP32 peak in FLOP/s. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Core 2 Duo E6600: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)unknownprovisionalIntel does publish a floating-point rate for this processor — 1228.8 GFLOPS, in the export-compliance matrix it maintains for the US Export Administration Regulations — and states no precision for it anywhere in that document. Without a precision the figure cannot answer a single-precision question, and it cannot be assumed to be one: the same 1228.8 is listed for the faster-clocked 14900KS. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Core i9-14900K: Stated by the vendor. Caveat The rarest kind of gap: not a missing number but a number missing the one qualifier that would make it comparable. Intel's export filing answers a question its product specification never touches, and then leaves the precision unstated across all twenty-four pages. Recording it as an FP32 peak would be a guess about which precision Intel meant, and the catalog does not publish those. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-app-metrics-core-processors

Graphics

Figures recorded against a graphics processor.

Clock frequencygpu

Both records address this quantity, but neither states a value. The figures are recorded as an explicit absence, so there is nothing to compare.

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Nominal clock	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)unknownprovisionalMDA and CGA boards use distinct timing crystals; this display-adapter class has no one GPU clock. baselinecaveat Recorded as IBM PC display adapter: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)unknownprovisionalVGA compatibility is a display standard, not a single graphics processor or clock rate. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as VGA-compatible display adapter: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownprovisionalIntel states a frequency for each generation and the generations disagree: Intel HD Graphics 3000 on the Core i7-2600K is specified at 850 MHz base and 1.35 GHz maximum dynamic, UHD Graphics 770 on the Core i9-14900K at 300 MHz base and 1.65 GHz maximum dynamic. Both figures are vendor statements and neither can stand for the other. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel integrated processor graphics: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This is a documented absence rather than an unexamined one. Two vendor specification records were read for the machines fitted with this component, and they answer the question differently in both directions: the older part has the higher base clock and the lower ceiling. What is missing is not a document but a component: the entry would need splitting into the named graphics devices, and the Core 2 Duo platform's chipset graphics is a third device the processor's own name does not identify. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-core-i7-2600k-specifications intel-core-i9-14900k-specifications	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)unknownprovisionalIntel states a frequency for each generation and the generations disagree: Intel HD Graphics 3000 on the Core i7-2600K is specified at 850 MHz base and 1.35 GHz maximum dynamic, UHD Graphics 770 on the Core i9-14900K at 300 MHz base and 1.65 GHz maximum dynamic. Both figures are vendor statements and neither can stand for the other. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel integrated processor graphics: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This is a documented absence rather than an unexamined one. Two vendor specification records were read for the machines fitted with this component, and they answer the question differently in both directions: the older part has the higher base clock and the lower ceiling. What is missing is not a document but a component: the entry would need splitting into the named graphics devices, and the Core 2 Duo platform's chipset graphics is a third device the processor's own name does not identify. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-core-i7-2600k-specifications intel-core-i9-14900k-specifications

Peak FP32 rategpu

Both records address this quantity, but neither states a value. The figures are recorded as an explicit absence, so there is nothing to compare.

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Theoretical peak	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)not applicableprovisionalThese raster and text display adapters have no floating-point execution hardware. baselinecaveat Recorded as IBM PC display adapter: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)not applicableprovisionalThe represented VGA raster controller class has no programmable floating-point shading hardware. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as VGA-compatible display adapter: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownprovisionalIntel's specification record for the newest of these graphics devices states an execution-unit count of 32 and no floating-point rate at any precision. An execution-unit count is not a rate: converting one to the other needs a published figure for floating-point operations per unit per clock, which the specification does not give. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel integrated processor graphics: Stated by the vendor. Caveat A documented absence. The vendor record was read and states the unit count without the per-unit throughput that would turn it into a rate, and the component in any case spans graphics generations with different clocks, so one answer could not describe them even if the throughput were published. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-core-i9-14900k-specifications	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)unknownprovisionalIntel's specification record for the newest of these graphics devices states an execution-unit count of 32 and no floating-point rate at any precision. An execution-unit count is not a rate: converting one to the other needs a published figure for floating-point operations per unit per clock, which the specification does not give. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel integrated processor graphics: Stated by the vendor. Caveat A documented absence. The vendor record was read and states the unit count without the per-unit throughput that would turn it into a rate, and the component in any case spans graphics generations with different clocks, so one answer could not describe them even if the throughput were published. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-core-i9-14900k-specifications

Memory

Capacity, bandwidth, bus width and timing. Binary and decimal prefixes are kept as the source wrote them.

Memory capacitywhole-system

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Design capacitylog scale	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)256 KiBprovisionalConfirmed baselinecaveat Recorded as Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)16 MiBprovisionalConfirmed provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownprovisionalIntel's 64 GB addressability field does not establish a fitted capacity for this reference PC. no value herecaveat Recorded as Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: no value is recorded here. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)32 GiBprovisionalConfirmed provisional figurecaveat Recorded as Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: one of these figures is provisional, and provisional records never feed a multiplier. Sources intel-desktop-processor-reference

Memory bandwidthmemory

Both records address this quantity, but neither states a value. The figures are recorded as an explicit absence, so there is nothing to compare.

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Theoretical peak	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)unknownprovisionalThe cited processor documentation does not specify a sustained or peak byte-transfer rate for the chosen early-PC memory configurations. baselinecaveat Recorded as Early PC dynamic RAM: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)unknownprovisionalThe representative PC configurations state capacity but do not assert an unverified memory-bus peak. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as PC synchronous dynamic RAM: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)unknownprovisionalOne of the three machines fitted with this component can be documented and the component cannot: Intel rates the Core i7-2600K's dual-channel DDR3-1333 interface at 21 GB/s. The same component also stands for the Pentium 4's DDR and the Core 2 Duo E6600's DDR2, which are different standards at different transfer rates, so the one figure available describes a third of the component. baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as PC DDR SDRAM: Stated by the vendor. Caveat A documented absence, and a demonstration of what would fix it. A vendor rating exists for one member; recording it here would silently give the Pentium 4 and Core 2 Duo platforms a DDR3 bandwidth. The entry needs splitting per memory generation before any of the three can be answered. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-core-i7-2600k-specifications	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)89.6 GB/sConfirmed baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as PC DDR5 SDRAM: Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat Intel's rating of the Core i9-14900K's memory interface, not a property of any fitted module and not a measurement of traffic across it. It describes the faster of the two memory types that processor accepts: the same specification offers DDR4-3200, at which the interface reaches less. This is the one component in the x86 line whose figure is safe to state, because only one machine in the catalog is fitted with it. The DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 components shared across earlier machines have no equivalent single answer. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-core-i9-14900k-specifications

Energy

A cooling-design target, a specified rating and a measured wall draw are separate quantities, and only the last supports a multiplier.

Thermal design powercpu

Method	Intel 8086 PC5 MHz reference configuration	Intel Pentium PC100 MHz reference configuration	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PCReference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM	Intel Core i9-14900K PCP-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration
Rated power	Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration)unknownprovisionalThe historical processor documentation records electrical limits and speed grades, not the later TDP convention. baselinecaveat Recorded as Intel 8086: Stated by the vendor. Caveat This figure remains provisional until the cited source is corroborated for the exact configuration. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation	Intel Pentium PC (100 MHz reference configuration)10.1 WConfirmed baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Pentium: Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat Intel's word for this in 1997 was not "thermal design power" but "maximum active power dissipation", the figure the datasheet says a system must be designed to remove. It is the same design target the later term names, and it is recorded here as such, but it is defined by a worst-case instruction mix rather than a reproducible workload, so it sits at the top of what the part draws rather than in the middle. The 3.9 W typical on the same row is an average measured in one system and is not a specification. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-pentium-datasheet	Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 PC (Reference configuration with unresolved clock and RAM)65 WprovisionalRumored baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Core 2 Duo E6600: Vendor-rated. From community documentation. Caveat Intel's own datasheet for this part is not in the catalog. Wikipedia states 65 W for the family this model belongs to rather than for the model alone, so it is carried as rumored. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-historical-x86-documentation wikipedia-intel-conroe	Intel Core i9-14900K PC (P-core 3.2 GHz base / 6.0 GHz turbo reference configuration)125 WprovisionalConfirmed baseline states nonecaveat Recorded as Intel Core i9-14900K: Vendor-rated. Stated by the vendor. Caveat Intel calls this Processor Base Power. The separate 253 W Maximum Turbo Power is a limit, not a wall-power measurement, so it is retained in the conditions rather than recorded as system power draw. Multiplier No multiplier: Intel 8086 PC (5 MHz reference configuration) records no value here, so there is nothing to divide by. Sources intel-desktop-processor-reference

Change it

This preset is a starting point, not a fixed set. Open it in the comparison builder to swap a record in or out. The builder needs JavaScript; this page does not.